Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and
the leading cause of visual impairment in the working-age population in the Western world.
Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is one of the major complications of DR. Therapy with
intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs has
become the gold standard treatment for DR and its complications. However, these drugs
have no effect on the pathogenesis of DR and must be administered frequently via invasive …