Th9 cells and IL-9 in autoimmune disorders: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potentials
Naïve CD4+ T cells are pleiotropically divided into various T helper (Th) cell subsets,
according to their pivotal roles in the regulation of immune responses. The differentiation of
Th9 cells, an interleukin (IL)-9 producing subset, can be impacted by specific environmental
cues, co-stimulation with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and IL-4, and other regulatory
factors. Although IL-9 has been recognized as a classical Th2-related cytokine, recent
studies have indicated that IL-9-producing cells contribute to a group of autoimmune …
according to their pivotal roles in the regulation of immune responses. The differentiation of
Th9 cells, an interleukin (IL)-9 producing subset, can be impacted by specific environmental
cues, co-stimulation with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and IL-4, and other regulatory
factors. Although IL-9 has been recognized as a classical Th2-related cytokine, recent
studies have indicated that IL-9-producing cells contribute to a group of autoimmune …